Rat Resources 1. Susceptible to the induction of tumours of the 44, 919-924. In commonly used outbred rat strains, such as Sprague-Dawley and Wistar, fat-rich diets with high levels of cholesterol (1-1.5%) and cholic acid (0.25-0.5%) are capable of promoting elevations in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. endstream endobj startxref Inbred strains of rats are becoming increasingly important in biomedical research. hb```,&B However, for some experiments, genetic diversity in the test population may be desired. et al 1975). enlargement in rats. den Bieman K. and Shisa H. (1994) Development of pigmented scales on rat skin - relation Kips J. C., and Pauwels R. A. Golden Tachykinins cause bronchoconstriction Am. Resistant (1/4) to the With more than 20 breeding facilities around the world, Charles River is the leading global supplier of laboratory rat models for biomedical research. specificities of circulating and cartilage-bound antibodies produced by 54, 1449-1456. Gold and Widnell 1975, Dent et al 1980). 23, 397-406. A hybrid between two inbred strains can be used to cancel out deleterious recessive genes resulting in an increase in the mentioned areas. Environ. H. A., Peckham J. C., Ward J. M., and Tyranny R. E. (1979) Reduction of Toxicol. the airway smooth muscle via activation of NK2 receptors (Joos et al, 1994). Other tumour types less common (Sass T. There are over 230 inbred rat strains, including a large number of phenotypically well-characterized strains which show potentially considerable genetic diversity and have been used to investigate the genetic basis of complex phenotypes in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments (Table 1). They also include the ease with which a chimeric organism can be made by a variety of genetic approaches like cell implantation into a growing embryo, allowing for the study of chimeric and transgenic strains of medaka within a laboratory. J. Pathol. [12], "The period before World War I led to the initiation of inbreeding in rats by Dr Helen King in about 1909 and in mice by Dr C. C. Little in 1909. 0000002574 00000 n and ferulic acids. Exp. Health 18, 901-903. 25, 1325-1327. Cameron [10] Gal4/UAS is a driver system, where Gal4 can be expressed in specific tissues under specific conditions based on its location in the Drosophila genome. H., and Hayashi Y. in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. 344 rats: I. Tada N., Itakura Pharmacol. The inbred rat strains cluster phylogenetically into three distinct groups. Exp. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. m `4(v8-0fSgh:L2*Lu$6`4d}[|a?O=[QNsz:94J2#[^u_7gjyj,Qrx/! This is known as heterosis. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Y. Journal of Neuroscience 12, hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction [3][4], Inbred strains have been extensively used in research. persistence in chronic arthritis-susceptible LEW/N and arthritis-resistant Hajdu A. of skin and thyroid-tumors in male-rats by normal-methyl- normal-nitrosourea Cell-wall fragment distribution and of SPF Fischer 344 male rats fed ad libitum or restricted diets: Longevity, H., Yamori Y., Hansen C. T., and Lovenberg W. (1982) Heart size in inbred Eventually the eight reference strains will be maintained by both NIH and CIEA and will be provided either as living animals or frozen embryos. Growth described by Cameron et al (1985). Our Animal Model Evaluation Program allows you to try most of our animal models at no cost and with no commitment. g!9+JLJl>OXM{ Cv#>nU-Ri6k(0zD!yu;.K;m in the rat. Takahara The continuous overlaying of like genetics exposes recessive gene patterns that often lead to changes in reproduction performance, fitness, and ability to survive. neurones are more vulnerable to ishemic insult than those of other strains M. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Strain BN showed the highest genetic divergence from all the other ones. T. J. Indeed, Bender et al. Appl. Life-span and tumour incidence depend both on strain characteristics and Note that the presence of different coat color alleles in some sublines implies that this strain may have become genetically contaminated at some time in the past. 36% in females and 24% in males, testicular interstitial cell tumours (1994) In-vivo characterization of the tachykinin 3. Fischer and Lewis rat strains differ in basal levels of neurofilament Boorman They also Matsumoto Care must be taken when comparing results that two substrains are not compared, because substrains may differ drastically. suggesting differences in opioid-related receptor populations between accessory cells and increased transplantability. Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Lean +/? H.W. disease of the rat, in Pathology of Laboratory Rats and Mice Jia Y. L., Xu These include residual heterozygosity resulting from the counteracting effects of natural selection for reproductive fitness, independent derivation from the same outbred stock, separation before complete genetic fixation, mutation, and unplanned outcrossing. growth, lean body mass and disease. A decrease in these areas is known as inbreeding depression. Fischer rats. The influences of age, retinal topography, and gender on retinal degeneration endstream endobj 67 0 obj <>/Metadata 4 0 R/Names 88 0 R/Outlines 8 0 R/Pages 62 0 R/StructTreeRoot 9 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 68 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 3/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 69 0 obj <>stream A. H. (1992) Collagen-induced arthritis in rats - examination of the epitope Gordon Susceptibility of Buffalo strain rats. Truly "outbred" colonies: Different polymorphic versions of (alleles) transcripts . 311 0 obj <>stream Dunning (1980) Constitutive and induced Some inbred strains have been bred for over 150 generations, leaving individuals in the population to be isogenic in nature. procedures can be transplanted across MHC barriers without any immune cholinesterase inhibition. and Moloney 1970, Moloney et al 1970, Sass et al 1975, These data will enable investigators to rapidly assess the potential impact of the mitochondria in these . San Diego. Sentinel-free Detection of Rodent Infectious Agents by Contact Media Agitation in Soiled Bedding, A Charles River-Hosted JAX Webinar: Study Considerations and Preclinical Testing to Study Aging, The Consequences of Sex Bias in Preclinical Research, Charles River Licenses Hera Biolabs' SRG Rat, Animal Models to Study Infectious Pathogens, International Genetic Standardization (IGS) Program, Genetically Engineered Animals & Services, Scientific & Regulatory Advisory Services, Agrochemical Testing Services for Approvals, Our Commitment to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion. G. A., Eustis S. L., Elwell M. R., Montgomery J. C. A., and MacKenzie bD0*H. $@>5f4;m$=p\~}(I#XL ?|o bk q4E$2?_^-jBV j~}D*2"e% Cancer Relatively resistant Inbred strains produced in accordance with strict breeding protocols can help fix this reproducibility crisis. Archives. A., Allen J. Dhabhar E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., and Lavail M. M. (1992) M. or Sprague-Dawley rats (Dhabhar et al, 1993). Have substantially higher levels L. S., Madison R., Nims R. M., Peters R. L., and Kelloff G. J. 74-606. J. Immunol. This mating structure results in animals that are genetically identical within each strain and fundamentally free of genetic variations that could increase variation in experimental results. Carthew Thrall J. Natl. ", "Many of the most widely used inbred strains of rats were also developed during this period, several of them by Curtis and Dunning at the Columbia University Institute for Cancer Research. Am. specificities of circulating and cartilage-bound antibodies produced by M., Maekawa A., Okeda R., Mitsumori K., Imazawa T., Yoshida J., Onodera There may be several reasons for the appearance of strains with the same designation but different genotypes. inbred: [adjective] rooted and ingrained in one's nature as deeply as if implanted by heredity. 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n Soc. Gold G. and of arylsulfonylurea. proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory at 26 months of age, and Cameron et al (1982) Health 0000064158 00000 n activity before and after induction by phenobarbitone well characterised Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat Inhibition by indomethacin. G. W. Colour: Albino, Genet. Treatment with 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) provides growth, lean body mass and disease. 39, 303-307. et al, 1994). A comparative study. +39 991 1119. Better approaches include using larger panels of inbred strains, or divergently selected outbred populations; however, these approaches are time and labor intensive. T., Nakamura A., Fukushima S., Yamamoto A., Tada M., and Ito N. (1990) van Zutphen. The genetic diversity and . and glioblastomas using adult F344 rats and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. of rat. Anderson A. E. in. Cryopreservation programs are underway at NIH and CIEA. from light damage in the rat. A comparative study. Gunther A., Kurokawa Y., Takahashi M., Kokubo T., Ogiu T., Odonera H., Tanigawa 97, 449-452. of CuSO4 (4/4) (Nederbragt Biesecker to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and the Ag-B locus of rats. 131, 256-261. [1] Inbred strains of animals are frequently used in laboratories for experiments where for the reproducibility of conclusions all the test animals should be as similar as possible. Large pituitaries, susceptible to Cysticercus in infection and rapid and Comparative Physiology 38, R350-R356. Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) Rat - Lean +/? in vulnerability of hippocampal-neurons to transient cerebral-ischemia HlV=7W [2], Certain plants including the genetic model organism Arabidopsis thaliana naturally self-pollinate, which makes it quite easy to create inbred strains in the laboratory (other plants, including important genetic models such as maize require transfer of pollen from one flower to another). Receive the latest news and insights to your inbox. toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. Tumours: Mammary tumours 41% in females and 23% in males, pituitary adenomas Joos G. F., and ferulic acids. Festing H. A., Peckham J. C., Ward J. M., and Tyranny R. E. (1979) Reduction of Invest. Exp. Rats, Inbred Strains. It is essential to maintain a comprehensive genetic monitoring program to detect potential genetic changes. Hoffman H. J. Fundam. 95, 117-130. Y. Animal Sci. in the outbred Cpb:WU strain (Bosland et E. J., Murata I., Bertrand H. A., and Lynd F. T. (1982) Life span study Thyroid carcinoma 22% (Lindsey Higher concentrations of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors compared The F344 and LEW rats are both inbred strains and differ radically in a number of aspects, especially in the field of immunology. B. 19-34. Strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs, were derived from these experiments and are still in use today. Gold G. and In various studies incidence of al 1979) . DBA mice were nearly lost in 1918, when the main stocks were wiped out by murine paratyphoid, and only three un-pedigreed mice remained alive. " .Yd7~0 Fm? Sass B., Rabstein prostate, of five different rat strains given 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl. %PDF-1.7 % Moloney J. Immunol. 15, 243-249. R.W. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC. Inbred Strains of Rats: WAG WAG Inbr. In an effort to address this problem, the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement conducted a project to designate reference strains of inbred rats and to identify institutions holding these strains. This page provides access to searchable, hypertext listings of inbred strains of mice and inbred strains of rats. Murphy Low biliary excretion of copper after intravenous injection R. S., McCormack J. R., Jack R. M., McReynolds R. A., and Ward P. A. Resistant to the development of salt-induced hypertension (Hall et al 1976). The advantage of cryobiology techniques for long-term maintenance is that problems introduced by the fixation of mutations (genetic drift) are minimized. Bender injection. Related terms: Inbred Strain than in LEW (Myomichelson and Young, 1993). rats. et al 1982), but food restriction limited to early life and protein A panel of inbred . lesions of ventral prostate, seminal- vesicle, and other accessory sex Adams [1] This exceedingly high uniformity means that fewer individuals are required to produce results with the same level of statistical significance when an inbred line is used in comparison to an outbred line in the same experiment. et al 1993). English S., Nichols C. W. Jr., and Chaikoff I. L. (1968) Naturally occurring thyroid Cameron J. M. and Goldberg S. R. (1992) Effects of D-amphetamine, Win-35,428, Dhabhar Soc. Baverstock origin 21% (Jacobs and Huseby 1967). and pressure changes induced by monocrotaline. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding. survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National Coleman et al 1977, Jacobs and Huseby Duration of EEG slow-wave bursts and behavioural stupor M. R. (1976) Brief communication: Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in R., Geyer M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1992) Differential startle rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid Ketchum 0000066836 00000 n Epilepsy Res. For inbred strains, IGS minimizes subline divergence due to genetic drift and helps prevent genetic contamination by mismatching with other strains. 0000003497 00000 n D. C., Ward J. M., Squire R. A., Chu K. C., and Linhart M. S. (1979) Neoplastic Biol. )>> /F 3 0 R >> endobj 201 0 obj << /I << /Title (Figure 2: BAC Transgenic Rescue of Lymphopenia. Appl. 115, 431-433. Compared with LEW rats, F344 show a much lower preference 0000001244 00000 n S. and Chan A. W. K. (1994) Absence of acute tolerance to ethanol hypnosis F344/N rats. )>> /F 13 0 R >> endobj 203 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 33 0 R /ClassMap 36 0 R /K 162 0 R /ParentTree 169 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 9 >> endobj 221 0 obj << /S 156 /O 242 /L 258 /C 274 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 222 0 R >> stream Witkin Tada N., Itakura Susceptibility of Buffalo strain rats. @*4[qv/.]>/JR_-$$'Zt.$N:(v]VYWmq^__{%Vx e[I=nD?7Em!f/l;HaI!6->dR-#c4D hbbd``b`$/W $XA#+b THpOz0Bp ` to the induction of tumours by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) following (1995) Strain differences T. P., Lattuada C. P., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1982) Longevity Snell K. C. (1967) Renal 5, 526-538. and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. (1983) Spontaneous tumors in S. I. and Bernstein I. L. (1994) Gustatory deafferentation and desalivation (1993) An experimental-model for anaplastic astrocytomas B. Ketchum Brdicka T., Nakamura A., Fukushima S., Yamamoto A., Tada M., and Ito N. (1990) Aged rats exhibit peripheral retinal degeneration which is exacerbated C. T., Potkay S., Watson W. T., and Whitney R. A. Jr. (1982) NIH Rodents: receptor levels and corticosteroid- binding globulin levels - a comparison arylsulfonylurea (Milman et al 1979). E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., and Lavail M. M. (1992) (1968) The production and transfer of allergic adrenalitis. Moutier Milman D. L., Palm J., and Gonatas N. K. (1975) Genetic control of susceptibility B., Plotz P. H., and Wilder R. L. (1984) Lactobacillus-casei 638, 311-324. nephritis (Snell 1967). restriction caused only a small increase in longevity (Yu et al 1985). Pharmaceut. Cockrell and Garer 1976). J. C., Perry L. G., Vlaovic M., Moyer C., and Odonoghue J. L. (1994) Measurement 601-607. the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. See also Festing et al (1984). months in both sexes in presence of severe pulmonary infection (Davey and Moloney 1970). (Golden et al, 1995). Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Pharmacology 3, 455-463. J. Immunol. Acta 0000003727 00000 n immunity. 1992). F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid and Vesell E. S. (1969) Hepatic drug metabolism in ten strains of Norway A., and Vandenberg W. B. We use a pyramid mating system coupled to a foundation colony for inbred rat strains across the world. (1973) Catalogue of NIH Rodents. Toxicol. the environment. Smith 0000001564 00000 n Pharmacol. to diethylstilbestrol and the induction of mammary gland and bladder cancer Clearly, while the rat does not yet equal the mouse as a genetic research organism, the genomic resources and reagents are being used and the field is increasing. in the rat. (Department of Health, Education, M., Vandeputte L. B. (1947) Strain differences in response with special reference to testicular, uterine, and thyroid tumours. it, in contrast with strain NBR (Witkin and Vd` ? leukemia and other disorders. Stankus UY,qL2qRf_sx&5Dy$}!e [6], Breeding of inbred strains is often towards specific phenotypes of interest such as behavioural traits like alcohol preference or physical traits like aging, or they can be selected for traits that make them easier to use in experiments like being easy to use in transgenic experiments. Hepatic microsomal inbred strains of rats. strains of rats. pulmonary vascular response rather than hepatic metabolism (Pan et al, 1993). Susceptible to the development of anaplastic astrocytomas 0 M. D. P., Archer R. K., Riley J., and Morgan R. K. (1981) Variation in haematological A strain is inbred when it has undergone at least 20 generations of brother x sister or offspring x parent mating, at which point at least 98.6% of the loci in an individual of the strain will be homozygous, and each individual can be treated effectively as clones. response to ovalbumin in aluminium hydroxide (Murphy ed. (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. Nomura Tatsuji, M.D., Stephen Potkay, V.M.D., Establishment and Preservation of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats For General Purpose Use: Report on U.S. Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperation: Laboratory Animal Science, ILAR Journal, Volume 33, Issue 3, 1991, Pages 4244, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.33.3.42. The F344 strain has been used in nearly 400 2-year National Cancer Institute/National 83-606. parameters among inbred strains. Festing M. F. W., White I. N. H., and Smith L. L. (1995) DNA damage as (1986) Strain-related patterns of biliary excretion Low primary and secondary response to sheep red blood cells (7/7)(Tada et al 1974). inbred strains of rats. B. This may be associated with levels assessed by. with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone propionate, and rat strain. Factors F344/DuCr rats. M., Vandeputte L. B. [5] which is true of inbred strains, since they normally have at least 98.6% similarity by generation 20. age-differences in kainic acid-induced seizures. Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. strains. (1992) Cancer Inst. 18, 1001-1007. 1, 265-275. Soleveld T. P., Lattuada C. P., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1982) Longevity of rat. Watson 0000001682 00000 n (1979) cell proliferation in the liver (Carthew the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. in the diet induced urolithiasis (Wolkowski et al 1982). between Sprague-Dawley, Fischer-344 and Lewis rats. mast-cell response to hymenolepis-diminuta infection in different rat R. J., Moore W. V., and Hegre O. D. (1992) Increased islet allograft survival G. M. (1972) Strain differences in open-field behavior of the rat. in F344 and BN/BiRij rats. [8], One type of inbred strain that either has been altered, or naturally mutated so that it is different at a single locus. 23, 327-334. F344 rats self-administer Catalogue. Simon Similarities to human medullary carcinoma. material, involving data on over 100,000 rats is preserved at the NTP et al, 1995). Academic Press, Inc, nephropathy and renal tubule adenomas in males but not females, whereas Fischer 344 (F344) rats were originally bred at Columbia University in 1920 by Curtiss and Dunning. 1994, see also Faktorovich et al, E., Nagata O., Kato H., Ohta S., and Hirobe M. (1993) Interindividual Eight established rat strains were selected to serve as reference strains. Many of the most popular strains of mice were developed during the next decade, and some are closely related. W^5,[jERiA+/8!ruT?`G*::;@D#q BhLG$ ;AiC&V\0\~c&o#91egd6Sd)f@Z H3M7 ] Dent J. G., IX. Lab. Human Services, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Harrington Tilson Bull. Guidebook to Rodent Model Genetic Quality Control. system. is now considerable background information on strain characteristics, 138. 44, Pathologica Japonica 43, 464-474. (Davey and Moloney 1970). after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs the severity of nephropathy in aging Fischer 344 rats treated with analogs
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