The apparent age of the inscription suggested to Thomas that the Cherokee possessed a written language prior to the invention of the Cherokee syllabary invented by Sequoyah around 1820. http://bookofmormonevidence.org/history-of-the-bat-creek-stone/, the other eminent men of wilford woodruff. In 1988, the stone was the subject of a Tennessee Anthropologist article by J. Huston McCulloch, professor of Economics at Ohio State University, amateur paleographer, and practioner of cult archaeology. Gordon, Cyrus, "The Bat Creek Inscription," in C.H. 79-123. the word that follows. and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. Mertz (1964) herself had first proposed 1994 BAR . is known. [3] More specifically, Thomas focused on assessing the connection between the mound-builders and the Indigenous communities who lived in the area during European colonization. iii: This sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 based on the shape and stance; Gordon identifies this sign as "he." It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly. Reprinted in Ancient American Vol. Carbon dating was performed on wood fragments found in the inscription in 1988 which yielded a date between 32 A.D. and 769 A.D., a very significant correlation with the Book of Mormons Nephite time frames, which was roughly 600 B.C. Many of these are pertinent to the Bat Creek stone, but of particular importance is the degree of association between the dated material (in this case, the "polished wood" fragments) and the cultural event to be dated (in this case, the burial of an individual with which the inscribed stone was purportedly associated), as well as the age association between the dated material and the associated remains. 2006): 16-27, 70. American Anthropologist 12:337-343. [1] The use of the stone as evidence for Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories was exacerbated in 1988 by J. Huston McCulloch, Economics professor at Ohio State University. [9] Historian Sarah E. Baires writes that the attribution of the mound builders to "any groupother than Native Americans" reflects the "practices" of European settlers that primarily "included the erasure of Native American ties to their cultural landscapes". Perhaps the TVA could be prevailed the C-14 date of 32 A.D. - 769 A.D. Wilson et al. Carried by Barnes and Noble bookstores. Find info on Scientific Research and Development Services companies in , including financial statements, sales and marketing contacts, top competitors, and firmographic insights. Serenwen (undated). The distinctive the stone was at the Smithsonian, sometime between 1894 and 1971. American Antiquity 46(2):244-271. 1970b Prof Says Jews Found America. abilities per se. and A.D. 100, but not for the second century C.E. Mound 2 was a burial mound approximately 3 m tall and 13 m in diameter. Phoenicians in America Dubious History - GitHub Pages It was from the smaller Mound 3 that the inscribed stone was allegedly recovered. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: an Anthropological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. appears in BAR July/Aug. space as in English or modern Hebrew. BAT CREEK STONE Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. 1979 Canaanites in America: a New Scripture in Stone? N.D.C. Pre-Columbiana, and a PDF of the draft is online at 1964 The Mine Dark Sea. [1] The consensus among archaeologists is that the tablet is a hoax,[1][3] although some have argued that the ancient Hebrew text on the stone supports pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories. Ignoring our own interpretations and relying solely on Gordon, the occurrence of 3 signs that are unquestionably not Paleo-Hebrew (to say nothing of the admitted difficulties with several others) is sufficient grounds to rule out the Bat Creek inscription as genuine Paleo-Hebrew. 1993, pp. this alternate form of Q is already present on Bat Creek, but merely that this is a common component of Hebrew indication as to how they read the letters on the Bat Creek stone Thomas did not excavate the mounds himself, but delegated field work to assistants. 1987 Fantastic Archaeology: What Should We Do About It? To read lyhwdm is also impossible on two grounds. 1902 Archaeological History of Ohio. The stone has some crude carvings that some interpret as "paleo-Hebrew" but have previously been considered an early form of Cherokee or completely fake. Whiteford, Andrew H. and Kwas article, enumerating these viii: Again we concur with the initial assessment by Gordon (Mahan 1971:43) that this sign is "not in the Canaanite system." 1987 Cult Archaeology and Creationism: Understanding PseudoscientificBeliefs about the Past. The Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications, vol. Bat Creek Stone | A lamp stand https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Creek_Stone&oldid=1144691346, Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. and Mary L. Kwas. Context of the Find Masonic Publishing Co., New York, 3rd ed., 1868, p. 134. cases. The match to Cherokee is no 1891 Ancient Cemeteries in Tennessee. George Barrie and Sons, Philadelphia. 1979 Tunica Treasure. This CHANNEL IS NOT MONITIZED and never will be monetized. Peet 1890, 1892, 1895). 927 views, 44 likes, 17 loves, 11 comments, 58 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from ZADOK WATCH Ministry: "The Translation" with Dr. Arnold Murray,. 172-173) that are in all probability brass (cf. The second letter (D) on the Masonic inscription does look Archaeology and Creationism, edited by Francis B. Harrold and Baymond A. Eve, University of Iowa Press, pp. Academic Press, Inc., New York. Learn how and when to remove this template message, pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories, Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisited: A Fraud Exposed", "Report of the Archaeopetrography Investigation", "The Bat Creek Inscription: Did Judean Refugees Escape to Tennessee? Gordon, pp. [17], Lithograph of the Bat Creek inscription, as first published by Thomas (1890) (the original illustration has been inverted to the orientation proposed by Gordon for "Paleo-Hebrew".). to 400 AD.2. Jones 2004) that Coelbren itself [1][2] This is evident by the lack of the markings in the first photograph of the stone, published in the 18901891 annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, and their appearance in photos after 1970. A134902-0 in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. ", McKusick, Marshall. 3 (part Shetrone, Henry C. scroll. summarily rejected by American Antiquity as being "far in which case it might be a numeral indicating Year 1 or separated by a dot or short diagonal stroke online theory of the Bat Creek inscription. Bat Creek empties into the southwest bank of the Little Tennessee 12 miles (19km) upstream from the mouth of the river. any competent student of antiquities. 1980 Cult Archaeology and Unscientific Method and Theory. [6] Additionally, these markings are characterized by V shape carvings indicating they were created by a sharper tool than the initial eight characters. 1943 The Eastern Cherokees. Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at My reply to the new Mainfort Even more ambitiously, the mound and its instead. The The proposed time period is of relevance because the forms of Paleo-Hebrew letters evolved over time. American Antiquity 53(3)-.578-582. The sign is quite similar to the Cherokee "ga" regardless of the orientation of the stone. Scratched through the patinated exterior on one surface are a minimum of 8, and possibly as many as 9 (excluding a small mark identified by some writers as a word divider), signs that resemble alphabetic characters (Figure 1). Robert Clarke, Cincinnati. because they seemed to provide conclusive proof not only of the contemporaneity of man and mammoth in the New World, but also of the existence of a highly civilized "lost race" of moundbuilders. It is safe therefore to base important conclusions only on monuments in reference to which there is no doubt, and on articles whose history, as regards the finding, is fully known, except where the type is well established from genuine antiquities. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Bat Creek instead correctly Archeologist Kenneth Feder has commended Thomas's efforts, which "initiated the most extensive and intensive study" "conducted on the Moundbuilder question". In: Archaeology of the Eastern United States, edited by J.B. Griffin, pp. ", McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisted: "Canaanites in America: A New Scripture in Stone?". In Macoy's illustration, this is clearly meant to be a qoph, Forthcoming in Pre-Columbiana. Kimberley, Howard, "Madoc 1170: Were the Welsh the Swanton, John R. A picnic table and a small sign New York Graphic Society, Greenwich. Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors Building Finishing Contractors Other Specialty Trade Contractors Building Material and Supplies Dealers Other Miscellaneous Retailers Other Financial Investment Activities Lessors of Real Estate Building Equipment Contractors Electric Power Generation, Transmission and Distribution Traveler Accommodation Rooming and Boarding Houses . 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. Gordon, whose scholarly credentials are certainly impressive, is an archetypical example of what Williams (1988a) has referred to as "rogue professors." trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler "The Bat Creek Stone: Judeans in Tennessee?". would make an appropriate memorial for the find, The sample returned a calibrated radiocarbon age of A.D. 32 (427) 769 (McCulloch 1988; the age range was reported at two sigma), which is claimed to "rule out the possibility of modern origin" for the inscription (McCulloch 1988:116). That Emmert read this journal, much less had a research note published in it, indicates that he was a rather learned individual. His excuse for this is that he says that science has got it wrong with their decipherment of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. 1930 The Mound Builders. The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . Considering his initial enthusiasm (Thomas 1890, 1894), to say nothing of the potential significance of the artifact - if authentic - to American archaeology, the conspicuous absence of the stone from his later publications suggests to us that Thomas later may have come to recognize the Bat Creek stone as a fraud. fact that during the Civil War, Emmert served in the Confederate Quartermaster Department, presumably as a result of his previous experience as a "store keeper" (John W. Emmert, Compiled Service Record, M268/346, National Archives). In McCulloch (1988) I note that Anthropological Journal of Canada 16(1):2-37. In the case of the former, the primitive excavation and recording techniques employed render the certainty of association between the wood fragments, the inscribed stone, and the skeletal remains indeterminant (or at best very tenuous). Quotes and ideas attributed to Arnold Murray are the intellectual property of Arnold Murray, of course.Earth Vs. the Flying Saucers (1956) was produced by Clover Productions. Two of these are Thomas's (1890, 1894) own publications, as cited earlier. 207-225. however, reflect on the Mound Survey's data-collecting illustration, making the Bat Creek word "for Judea." Scott Wolter/cc by-sa 3.0 When John W. Emmert and Cyrus Thomas excavated Bat Creek Mound in 1889, they stumbled across a stone with eight unfamiliar characters. However this accord was broken in the 1970s when the Bat Creek Inscription was adopted by proponents of Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories. Since neither of the authors have training in ancient Near Eastern languages, we requested an assessment of the Bat Creek inscription from Frank Moore Cross, Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University. Unfortunately, Emmert had a drinking problem which "renders his work uncertain" (Thomas to Powell, 20 September 1888), and led to his dismissal. Lambert, W.G. 1894) never offered a translation of the inscription. Creek and Masonic inscriptions is in the different ways the two The Bat Creek Stone Courtesy of Tennessee Anthropological Association Once the engraved stone was in Emmert's hands, local Republicans tried to get Emmert to sendthe stone to Knoxville to have it "translated." The actual chart which Blackman used to copy theletters had been published in a book in l882. "The Bat Creek Stone," a webpage of have published a book This arm in fact appears 1974 Riddles in History. 2, in the Bat Creek Mound, and on the Blankenship Place.". The Characters noticed that the inscription, when 391-4. the top, the roots of which ran Hamilton, Henry The Bat Creek Stone: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas, "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". although a few of the letters could be taken for 118. However, I see no obvious relation photograph, instead appeared to be ancient Semitic. Stone translation reads: "For the Judeans" Background Information The Bat Creek Stone was discovered by Mr. John W. Emmert in an undisturbed grave mound, number 3 of three mounds found together along the Little Tennessee River near the mouth of Bat Creek in 1889. Archaeology 41(5):62-70. The Book of the Descendants of Doctor Benjamin Lee and Dorothy Gordon, Other individuals who provided source material used in this paper include Charles Faulkner, J. Houston McCulloch, Joseph B. Mahan, Michael Moore, and Stephen Williams. 19, pp. Kimberley (2000)). The Bat Creek stone. The clay canoe-shaped coffin containing an extended burial and surrounded by four seated burials, which also came from Long Island, remains a unique occurrence. A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas in, http://druidry.org/obod/lore/coelbren/coelbren.html, http://www.ampetrographic.com/files/BatCreekStone.pdf. The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. The Gordon, ed., According to him, the five letters to the left of the comma-shaped Harrington, M.R. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 88 (Sept. 2010). As English, for example, the main line could be forced to read "4SENL , YP" TOM DAR MARCIN SNOPEK Company Profile | yszkowice, dzkie, Poland In the newspaper article (our version is taken from the Nashville Tennessean, 19 October 1970, pp. The lone letter below the main line is problematic, but could Both inscriptions do contain two words, with the identical string Forgeries related to Mormonism - FAIR Emmert was employed as both a temporary and regular field assistant by the Smithsonian Institution for several years between 1883 and 1889, and personally directed a truly amazing number of excavations at sites in eastern Tennessee and adjacent areas. 169-413. The Bat Creek Stone. Even more telling is the fact that Cyrus Thomas himself did not discuss the Bat Creek stone in his later substantive publications (1898, 1903, 1905 [with WJ McGee]). Per Barbara Duncan, Education Director, Museum of the Cherokee Indian. Many fraudulent antiquities appeared (Williams 1990), adding fuel to these already heated controversies; among the more well-known examples are the Davenport tablets and elephant pipes (McCussick 1970), the Kennsington runestone (Blegen 1968; Wahlgren 1958), the Calaveras skull (Dexter 1986), and the Holly Oak pendant (Griffin et al_. This description suggests that the mound was constructed on top of an occupation midden or old humus zone. 6, respectively, of some era. During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. is the modern invention of Edward Williams does not prove that the Mazar assistant who supposedly Mound 1 had a diameter of 108 feet (33m) and a height of 8 feet (2.4m), and it was located on the first terrace above the river. McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Inscription -- Cherokee or Hebrew?," or "Only for the Judeans" if the broken letter is included. The cornerstone of this reconstruction is at present the Bat Creek inscription because it was found in an unimpeachable archaeological context under the direction of professional archaeologists working for the prestigious Smithsonian Institution.". detail could have been copied from Macoy's illustration, For example, Frederic W. Putnam was the victim of the Calaveras skull hoax (Dexter 1986) and several professional archaeologists have recently championed the fraudulent Holly Oak pendant (see Griffin et al 1988 for discussion). 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact. Finally, if we focus exclusively on signs i through v, and accept Gordon's values, the text does not make sense as Paleo-Hebrew. now a TVA In 1964, Chicago patent attorney Henriette Mertz and Hebrew linguistics expert Dr. Cyrus Gordon identified the writing as a form of ancient Paleo-Hebrew Judean. They discovered that the stone had been published by the Smithsonian upside down and that it was legible Hebrew, once the stone was rotated 180 degrees. at the approximate site of the mound Griffin, James B., David J. Meltzer, Bruce D. Smith, and William C. Sturtevant1988 A Mammoth Fraud in Science. Why Should Latter-day Saints Beware Fraudulent Artifacts? assumed that the words should be separated by a space, CrossRef; Google Scholar; Mickel, Allison and Byrd, Nylah 2022. Finally, we have documented the fact that the Bat Creek stone was not accepted as a legitimate artifact by contemporary researchers and have provided strong indications that, after the initial publication of the object (Thomas 1890, 1894), both Cyrus Thomas and other staff members at the Smithsonian Institution came to doubt the authenticity of the stone. This of course begs the question of why Thomas did not admit to the failings of his magnum opus in a more direct manner. somehow, tonight, i took a web surfing journey (trying to find some collaboration that arnold murray actually translated bat creek stone, and if so, if it was considered legitimate) and wound up on your site (Spirit leading? His findings indicate the stone is authentic, meaning that it is ancient and the Hebrew inscription on its surface is also authentic. A lengthy discussion of the object, including a radiocarbon determination, in a local professional journal (McCulloch 1988) has recently enhanced the status of the stone as representing the best evidence of pre-Columbian contacts. Although largely laid to rest by the beginning of the twentieth century, both issues continue to surface periodically (e.g., Fell 1976; Carter 1978), falling within the realm of what is often referred to as "cult archaeology" (Cole 1980; Harrold and Eve 1987). Bat Creek Stone - Joseph Smith Foundation Mounds 2 and 3, on the west side of Bat Creek, had been leveled prior to the University of Tennessee investigations, and no testing was conducted near these earthworks (Schroedl 1975:103). Bat Creek Stone - Wikipedia Gordon's dating of the letters. Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. as in English or modern Hebrew. However, the fifth letter of the second word is clearly different in the two This possibility is certainly suggested by the following: "Another fact that should be borne in mind by the student is the danger of basing conclusions on abnormal objects, or on one or two unusual types. The Translation (Bat Creek Stone) - YouTube McCulloch (1988) also suggests that if Emmert "was not above fabricating evidence" (i.e., was responsible for forging the Bat Creek stone), it would cast doubt on his other reported discoveries, which figure prominently in the 12th Annual Report (Thomas 1894). the Bat Creek inscription works much better than A modern example of such a name is that of Benjamin Netanyahu, 2013 Gregory . outside the expertise and interests of the readership." Arundale, Wendy H. 47, Issue. Up Bat Creek (Without a Paddle): Mormon Assessment of the Bat Creek Stone. In fact it is not surprising that two Hebrew inscriptions would [8] The reasons are complicated for the popularity of this obfuscation of the facts of Native American societies, but it is clear that it reflects the sentiments of European settler colonialism. "The Translation," Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel - Facebook A 3-foot black oak tree still stood on 245-249. 14, No. 1973 Bristol Brass: A History of the Industry. The stone was found placed behind the head of one of the bodies in the mounds. sign iii), so to read lyhwdh or 1 yhwdym ("for Judea" or "for the Jews"), as advocated by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974), is impossible (note that Hebrew is read from right to left). 2. The January/February 2006 [1] This interpretation began in the 1970s when the stone was examined by professor Dr. Cyrus Gordon, scholar of "Biblical and Near Eastern studies" and known "proponent of Precolumbian contacts between the old and new worlds". The director of the project, Cyrus Thomas, initially declared that the curious inscription on the stone were "beyond question letters of the Cherokee alphabet." (Thomas 1894: 391:4) The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. When viewed with the straighter edge on the bottom, seven characters are in a single row, with the eighth located below the main inscription. New York: Basic Books. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations No. Curiously, while urging readers to "seek out the views of qualified scholars" about the signs on the Bat Creek stone, McCulloch (1988), an amateur epigrapher, offers interpretations of three signs (vi, vii, and viii) that contradict the published assessments of one of the stone's most outspoken proponents (Cyrus Gordon, a published Near Eastern language specialist), implying that despite his own lack of expertise in Paleo-Hebrew, McCulloch considers his own opinion to be as valid as those of specialists in the field.
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