von Bahr, L. et al. Easier to inject that intravenous. The study overall defines appropriate doses and toxicity levels of dl1520 when injected intraperitoneally. Thank you for visiting nature.com. eCollection 2021. Use " or 1" needles to avoid penetrating abdominal organs. The problem is obvious, the solution is not: numbers do matter in cardiac cell therapy! Myd88-dependent positioning of Ptgs2-expressing stromal cells maintains colonic epithelial proliferation during injury. In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for intravenous injection. Intraperitoneal injection (IP), Intravenous injection (IV) or anal injection (AI)? 2018 Nov;25(1):846-861. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1455764. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30696. The bilateral femurs and tibias were aseptically excised, stripped of connective tissues and then stored in PBS. These complications include catheter infection, physical damages to intra-abdominal structures, such as vaginal vault perforation, bladder erosion and bowel perforation58 and direct drug toxicity to non-specific abdomen organ (e.g. The MSCs may exert their therapeutic effects on mainly three following aspects: firstly, to differentiate and replace the damage tissue; secondly, to secrete soluble immunomodulatory bioactive molecules and establish a regenerative milieu; thirdly, cell-to-cell contact and interaction with immune cells. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal prepared Figure 4. A simple dengue vaccine evaluation system was established using a model of dengue type 2 virus (DENV2) infection in immunocompetent mice. But this study at least pointed out the possible migration route for cells by intraperitoneal injection. A simple method for evaluating dengue vaccine - ScienceDirect Metabolite tracing, radioactive uptake experiments, and CRISPR screens demonstrate that FLVCR1 is the major plasma-membrane choline transporter. Mice are usu Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Lopez-Cubero, S. O., Sullivan, K. M. & McDonald, G. B. Then, the bone marrow was flushed out with 1mL syringe. Tests were read by an independent observer (Cong Liang) and scored 05 as shown by the color indicators provided by the manufacturer. . Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). Obermeier, F. et al. Gynecol Oncol 81, 7781, doi: 10.1006/gyno.2000.6108 (2001). Histopathological alterations in the mouse brain were detected after SWCNTs exposure. Solid lipid nanoparticle delivery of rhynchophylline enhanced the efficiency of allergic asthma treatment via the upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 by repressing the p38 signaling pathway. n=3 per group. Article Methods of Euthanasia - Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee 2B). [14] The symptoms of this included impairment of cognitive and psychomotor abilities. However, for IV injection, we and others found most mice will lead increased mortality because of potential pulmonary cell embolus when the cell dose increase to 110722. Intraperitoneal foreign bodies such as suture material, clips, and mesh also contribute to adhesion formation. However, one recent published paper showed inconsistent results with ours, in which IV injection was identified better in comparison with intraperitoneal injection31. We even tried 1108 cell/mouse in IP and AI group and no immediate death was occurred. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Wang, M., Liang, C., Hu, H. et al. Because labeled cells are founded in Peyers patch of the gut and peripheral blood, they proposed the most likely routes might be by both lymph- and blood circulation. A Simple Mouse Model for the Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Injections Intraperitoneal (IP) "Mouse" Once animal is restrained turn over so abdomen is exposed. Proliferation index was defined as percent of Ki-67 positive nuclei within the random visual scope. volume6, Articlenumber:30696 (2016) IP injections are used for a variety of reasons: The peritoneum provides a large surface area for absorption of drug (compared with intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous); can thus inject a larger fluid volume. Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road No. Shamsi M, Sedaghatkish A, Dejam M, Saghafian M, Mohammadi M, Sanati-Nezhad A. The labeled cells were twice with warm fresh medium at 1500rpm for 5min to ensure complete removal of any unbound dye. Clinical Announcement: Intraperitoneal chemo-therapy for ovarian cancer. The GFP+ MSCs were found at inflamed colon in both IP and AI groups 24h after MSCs injection. Functional engraftment of colon epithelium expanded in vitro from a single adult Lgr5(+) stem cell. Currently, therapy still largely relies on empirical and often implemented in a stepwise fashion: progressing through 5-aminosalicylate compounds, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory drugs and finally anti-TNF drugs7. The natural history of adult Crohns disease in population-based cohorts. Liu, T. et al. CAS Use of lipophilic near-infrared dye in whole-body optical imaging of hematopoietic cell homing. Intraperitoneal injection is not always a suitable alternative to 2020 Apr;17(4):511-522. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1736551. Gastroenterology 149, 163176 e120, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.03.013 (2015). Little is known about neuronal cell death in mouse models of diabetic retinopathy. But how these miracle cells reach to the lumen and by which possible migration route? Generally, the FoxP3 expression was elevated in MSCs treatment (Fig. Here, three different MSCs delivery routes: intraperitoneal (IP), intravenous (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitic mice model. Appendix E: Common Vehicles for Nonclinical Evaluation of Therapeutic Because of the injection of cannabis, the patient was predicted to have some level of THC in the blood from absorption. Factors such as peritoneal inflammation, surface area, peritoneal blood flow, time of contact, etc, influence the drug transfer. The medium was refreshed every 23 days and third- and fourth-passage cells were used for all experiments. Regenerative medicine 1, 589604, doi: 10.2217/17460751.1.4.589 (2006). Antunes, M. A. et al. Intraperitoneal Injection - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Available at: http://ctep.cancer.gov/highlights/20060105_ovarian.htm (Accessed: 7th April 2016) (2006). In their study, PKH26 (a yellow-orange fluorescent dye) labeled PCs were injected intraperitoneally into healthy rat. Sirius red staining showed disorganized collagen fibers in DSS control colon, which were diffusely distributed in the injured colon wall. Intra-abdominal adhesions can be a considerable source of morbidity and mortality. By systemic evaluation of epithelium and lymphocyte infiltration, the IP injection group showed the relatively lower severity score compared with AI group (P=0.034) and IV (P=0.002), respectively. The latter is . Targeting improves MSC treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Development of Pluoronic nanoparticles of fluorocoxib A for endoscopic gynecological and gastrointestinal cancers and has shown very promising results. Many published studies have showed the benefits of IV delivery in IBD treatment. WO2023056606A1 - Valproate (vpa) compounds for use in treating Real time-PCR and ELISA also demonstrate lower TNF- and higher IL-10, TSG-6 levels in IP group. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Intraosseous. The peritoneum is a cavity which has been successfully utilized by nephrologists to perform peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with renal failure. 7A). B.X. The IV group showed 20.3% ki-67+ cells/crypt. Krampera, M. et al. . Secondly, as mentioned above, there are plenty of immune cells in peritoneal cavity28, which are indispensable component of MSCs aggregates. After wishing with PBS, the sections were incubated 1h at room temperature with secondary antibody, then visualized by diaminobenzidine (DAB). At the end of laparoscopic . Horses and other large animals: 1 mL per 10 lb of body weight, to a maximum . The IP injection significantly inhibited collagen deposition compared with DSS control (P=0.0008) and IV group (P=0.0139). Comparison of the Effects of Intraperitoneal Injection with Carbon The fate of human peripheral blood lymphocytes after - PubMed These cells were confirmed as bone marrow MSCs using flow-cytometric analysis and differential identification (Supplementary Figures S1 and S2). In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for intravenous injection. Neuronal cell death has been reported in retinas of humans with diabetic retinopathy and in diabetic rat models. The levels of immunomodulatory cytokines were compared by real time-PCR and ELISA. Quantitative data are presented as the meanSD. The number of therapeutic cells that can migrate and colonize at the injury site is a decisive prerequisite for the success of cytotherapy. For some chemotherapy, such as ovarian cancer, IP injection is used to attempt to localize the drug . It also shows how easily substances are absorbed through the peritoneal cavity after an IP injection. Stem cells international 2013, 732742, doi: 10.1155/2013/732742 (2013). Murine Responses to Endotoxin: Another Dirty Little Secret? Article MPO activity per gram of wet tissue was calculated as: MPO activity (U/g wet tissue)=(A450) (13.5)/tissue weight (g). Intraperitoneal Drug Delivery for Ovarian Cancer: Why, How, Who, What Just mentioned above, immune cells and MSCs interaction in aggregates promotes TSG-6 secretion and contributed to the colitis recovery. Comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue under xeno-free conditions for cell therapy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Six leukemia patients with Crohns disease treated with allogeneic marrow transplantation and four of five patients remained CD free 6 to 15 years after transplantation10. Intraperitoneal Drug Administration - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Growth hormone These findings could be advanced by studying how the route of injection affects the organs in the peritoneal cavity. Article A . Ex-vivo study was carried out at 1 day post-injection. In the guinea pig, the oral LD 50 value is 10 700 mg kg 1. Stem cell transplantation showed promising results in IBD management. Liang, J. et al. of the needle exposed to assure 4-5mm injection depth. Infiltration (I): 0, no infiltrate; 1, infiltrate around crypt basis; 2, infiltrate reaching to lamina muscularis mucosa layer; 3, extensive infiltration reaching the muscularis mucosa with abundant edema; 4, infiltration of the submucosa layer. If your cancer spreads to your abdomen or peritoneal space, IP chemotherapy can help target the cancer cells there. Intraperitoneal (IP) Technique The dose is 3 ml/4.5 kg (10 lbs) of euthanasia solution. Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection in Rats and Mice SOP Page 4 of 6 Mouse Rat 6. Gastroenterology 140, 17851794, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055 (2011). As expected, similar scenario was observed in our study: Compared with IP and AI, IV route indeed caused more cell entrapment in the lung, moreover, mononuclear phagocytic system, the liver and spleen also showed a great amount of MSCs present. Horwitz, E. M. et al. Thus, the aim of the current study was to find out the potential safety range of medical use. RNA was reverse transcribed using the iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio Rad, Hercules, CA). The coefficient 13.5 was empirically determined such that 1U MPO activity represents the amount of enzyme that will reduce 1 mol peroxide/min. The AI groups exhibited 9.5% and IV group showed 6.7% FoxP3+ cells, respectively (Fig. Tuning the Physicochemical Characteristics of Particle-Based Carriers for Intraperitoneal Local Chemotherapy. It is more often applied to animals than to humans. Then sections were washed and blocked with normal nonimmunone goat serum for 30min. DiR-labeled cells were injected into DSS mice by three different ways. The data showed that the TSG-6 levels increased with time in both IP and IV injection groups, while in DSS control group, the TSG-6 level decreased from 48h to 72h. Although there is no significant difference among three injection groups at 48h after MSCs transplantation, the serum TSG-6 was significant higher in IP injection group compared with naive group (P=0.024). Proper Method for Intraperitoneal Injections When searching "intraperitoneal injections" a majority of the results relate to the use of IP injections in murine or rat models in order to study the effect of some drug or chemical. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Models In Mice And Rats Sala, E. et al. Briefly, colonic segments were homogenized at 50mg/mL in phosphate buffer (50mM, pH 6.0) with 0.5% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. MSCs has been well characterized of producing a range of modulatory cytokine, which inspires the designation of these cells as injury drugstore44. Nature medicine 5, 309313, doi: 10.1038/6529 (1999). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. MSCs organ distribution and engraftment was analyzed and quantified by GFP+ MSCs as well as Near-infrared fluorescence imaging. In patients with peritoneal surface malignancies, perioperative IP chemotherapy has been used with good results. Alavi S, Haeri A, Mahlooji I, Dadashzadeh S. Pharm Res. We next compared serum TSG-6 level in three administration routes at 48h and 72h respectively after MSCs transplantation using ELISA (Fig. Nature medicine 18, 618623, doi: 10.1038/nm.2695 (2012). therapy cannot yet be considered as a standard of care for the first-line treatment of ovarian cancer: a systematic review", "Review of intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital as a method of euthanasia in laboratory rodents", "Changes in "droplet" fractions from rat kidney cells after intraperitoneal injection of egg white", "Errors Related to Different Techniques of Intraperitoneal Injection in Mice", "Postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing continuous infusion vs patient-controlled intraperitoneal injection of local anaesthetic", "Cannabinoid Disposition After Human Intraperitoneal Use: An Insight Into Intraperitoneal Pharmacokinetic Properties in Metastatic Cancer", "Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should it Be Used in Experimental Animal Studies? In this study, intraperitoneal (IP) injection was used to mimic the human administration route. World journal of gastroenterology 20, 1822818239, doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18228 (2014). As mentioned above, a commonly used cell dose is 1106 cells/30g mouse, which would be equivalent to 33106/kg or approximately 2.3billion cells for a 70kg adult. Sminia, T., Soesatyo, M., Ghufron, M. & Thepen, T. The migration of peritoneal cells towards the gut. Intraperitoneal Drug Administration - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [citation needed], In humans, the method is widely used to administer chemotherapy drugs to treat some cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. Disease recovery of DSS induced colitis after MSCs injection. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. A study was conducted to determine the best route of administration to transplant mesenchymal stem cells for colitis. This concern arises because MSCs has an estimated diameter of 2030m15,16. In mouse, the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous LD 50 values are 138 and 650 mg kg 1, respectively. Two patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis, psoriasis and leukemia underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation and all the three disorders were in clinical remission for 4 years after transplantation11. One of the earliest recorded uses of IP injections involved the insemination of a guinea-pig in 1957. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Therapeutic strategies should be based on a sound and thorough understanding of the disease mechanisms, if possible, however the causes of IBD are still unclear6. They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more. In 2018, a patient with stage IV ovarian cancer and peritoneal metastases was injected intraperitoneally with 12g of mixed cannabinoid before later being hospitalized. Whole marrow cells are plated in the culture dish and non-adherent cells were removed during passage. Surg Clin North Am 87, 727741, doi: 10.1016/j.suc.2007.03.004 (2007). 81370585, No. Since that time, the literatures using stem cells for IBD have expanded. Caplan, A. I. The Scheme (Fig. We selected the day 3 as observation time point. [11] The effects of this study were the onset of flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. PubMed Here, we also compare the expression of FoxP3, which is frequently used to quantitate Treg cells. Comparison of colonic proliferation 7 days after MSCs injection. The expression level of TNF-, the most important pro-inflammatory cytokine, was markedly decreased in IP group, compared with AI (P=0.0174), IV (P=0.0019) and control group (P<0.001), respectively. Best way for mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for colitis", "Intraperitoneal injections as an alternative method for micro-CT contrast enhanced detection of murine liver tumors", "Optimization of Intraperitoneal Injection Anesthesia in Mice: Drugs, Dosages, Adverse Effects, and Anesthesia Depth", "Intraperitoneal Injection Is Not Always a Suitable Alternative to Intravenous Injection for Radiotherapy", "Pharmacological principles of intraperitoneal and bidirectional chemotherapy", Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intraperitoneal_injection&oldid=1142986299, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 March 2023, at 09:43. However, they found the migrated PCs was very few and these may attribute to: 1) the recipient are heathy rat. In anal injection group, same amount of cells were suspended in 200L diluted Matrigel in PBS (1:20) and the cell suspension was instilled into colonic lumen by a syringe with flexible catheter 4cm in length and 2mm in diameter, according to the previous study64. The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Google Scholar. Srivastava, A. K. & Bulte, J. W. Seeing stem cells at work in vivo. Disclaimer. An official website of the United States government. Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should it Be Used in Additionally, the clinical translation is another concern. Blood 113, 4657, doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-154138 (2009). An example of how intraperitoneal injections can be optimized is depicted in a study where IP injections are used to deliver anesthesia to mice. Arthritis and rheumatism 56, 11751186, doi: 10.1002/art.22511 (2007). In various preclinical models, saroglitazar has been shown to prevent & reverse symptoms of NASH. Other gap junction blockers were also occasionally reported to . This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In vivo clearance of free DiR in healthy mice was showed in Supplemental Figure S4. Most recently published study by Scaldaferri et al. In brief, sections were dewaxed and rehydrated by xylol and acohol. Influence of Aggregation and Route of Injection on the - PLOS The accessibility of the therapeutic cells to their expectable target site is strongly dependent on the route of administration used. Cell and tissue research 347, 419427, doi: 10.1007/s00441-011-1306-3 (2012). For some severe cases, IBD may lead to the life-threaten complications5. In IP group, the MSCs existence can be detected at day 1, but gradually decreased with the time, GFP+ cells can be hardly identified in inflamed colon after day 3 (data not shown). and H.H. One study attempted to diagnose hepatic hydrothorax with the use of injecting Sonazoid intraperitoneally. Gastroenterology 136, 978989, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.041 (2009). Gastroenterology 132, 944954, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.029 (2007). NIR fluorescent dye, 1, 1-dioctadecyl-3,3,3,3-tetramethylindotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR; DiIC18(7), Molecular Probes, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) was used for labeling the cells as previously reported65. Ceelen W, Braet H, van Ramshorst G, Willaert W, Remaut K. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. All fluorescent imaging procedures were conducted on small animal imaging system (IVIS Kinetics; Caliper Life Science). In this study, intraperitoneal (IP) injection was used to mimic the human administration route. MSCs also showed ability to promote epithelial repair54 and regulate dendritic cells by cell-cell contact mechanism55,56. Further study demonstrated TSG-6 alone was sufficient to reduce intestinal inflammation in mice with colitis. 2019 Jun 24;36(9):126. doi: 10.1007/s11095-019-2646-z. Google Scholar. . Pharm Res. PubMed One study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously vs patient-controlled. PDF EUTHANASIA REFERENCE MANUAL - HumanePro injection, or EBI) remains the most humane method available. Second concerning is about the cell dose. Generally, MSCs treatments tend to decrease the pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-, IL-6, IL-1b and IFN-) and increase the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Mouse insulin gradually decreased and was no more detectable 13 weeks after STZ injection. Some of the examples depict situations where IP injections are not ideal, while others prove the advantageous uses if this delivery method. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The article overviews whether IP is the best option for euthanization based on evidence associated with welfare implications. Currently, two types of stem are used for the treatment of IBD, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). IP, intraperitoneal injection; IV, intravenous injection; AI anal injection; n = 6-8 for treatment group, n = 3 for DSS control. ADS Intraperitoneal injection of a substance in the mouse. Histological evaluation was completed in a double-blind fashion by two independent pathologist. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Human. During the observation, the body weight changes and fecal blood and their survival date was faithfully record. Injections are given along the midline caudal to the umbilicus or low on the right lateral abdomen. Summers, R. W. Novel and future medical management of inflammatory bowel disease. The IP and AI groups showed mean 50.4% and 46.7% Ki-67+ cells/crypt respectively. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chemotactic cytokines might be involved and responsible for MSCs attraction. Gao, J., Dennis, J. E., Muzic, R. F., Lundberg, M. & Caplan, A. I. evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of different MSCs sources and delivery routes in experimental emphysema37. Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection (Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital . Injection Techniques, Restraint, & Handling for Mice and Rats It was determined that IP injections are a good option for Fenestra to quantify liver tumors in mice. On the contrary, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 level were substantially elevated in IP group compared with the IV group and DSS control, but the inter-group difference between IP and AI group, AI and IV group were not identified. Increased initial cell dose ensures an increased number of cells that reach to the injury site. (C) Percentage of body weight changes over time. PDF UBC ANIMAL CARE COMMITTEE TECH 10a Intraperitoneal Injection in the Given the range of potential doses, aiming for an injection volume of 5 l g -1 is advisable. Side effects. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection. From whole-body disease recovery, the amount of MSCs colons engraftment, tissue histological evaluation as well as levels of cytokines and TSG-6. Zhang, J., Gong, J. F., Zhang, W., Zhu, W. M. & Li, J. S. Effects of transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the irradiated intestine of mice. Pull back on the plunger to ensure negative pressure prior to injecting. Zhu, H. et al. Gonzalez, M. A., Gonzalez-Rey, E., Rico, L., Buscher, D. & Delgado, M. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental colitis by inhibiting inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the peritoneum (body cavity). Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nitric oxide as toxic effector molecule in chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. 6B). We also evaluated serum TSG-6 in three MSCs administration route. Furthermore, in previous low-incidents Asian area, the incidence and prevalence are also reported to increase in recent decades3,4. Filipe et al. Intraperitoneal Route of Drug Administration: Should it Be Used in Near-infrared imaging and quantification of MSCs transplants. 2021 Jul 23;2021:2303417. doi: 10.1155/2021/2303417. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Kalchenko, V. et al. government site. The IP technique is an easy technique to master. 2014 Apr 26;(4):CD005284. Acute colitis was induced in C57BL/6 male mice by feeding 5% DSS (molecular weight 40000Da; Sigma) dissolved water for 5 days, followed by five days of regular drinking water according to our previously published study63. In addition, IP showed more intense Ki-67 stain in bottom of the crypt, which suggested more active mucosa repair proliferation (Fig. Your peritoneal space. [2] Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both. Intraperitoneal Versus Interpleural Morphine or Bupivacaine for Pain CAS 4F,G). The authors declare no competing financial interests. 7 . The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. For example, discharged accompany with stool or cleared out by lung microphage. Blood 118, 330338, doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-327353 (2011). With the computer-assisted software, we calculated the density of collagen fibers (%) of all groups. However, is IV injection the best way for MSCs delivery in IBD? [10] The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. Respir Res 15, 118, doi: 10.1186/s12931-014-0118-x (2014). (A) Representative IHC images of each treatment group.
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