[16] As Shih-Shan Henry Tsai explained, self-castration was just another way to escape impoverishment; and when a group of eunuchs failed to find employment in the palace, they often turned to mob violence. Marginal rural people became guerrilla bandits, drawn to war by coercion or by promises of booty. Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. Wilson, Stephen. the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. Zugasti, de, J. El Bandolerismo Andaluz. From the perspective of the "bandit" himself, the situation may look different. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person. However, if you're in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. Social bandits did, in some cases, begin their career with some petty crime or offense that sooner or later brought them in contact with the itinerant underworld. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Herzfeld, Michael. Campbell, John. Cruciverba. They thus shifted their wealth into land, their pastoral backgrounds proving particularly useful both in co-opting bandits and in suppressing peasant unrest. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. and ." About, Edmond. ." and, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas.[5]. The most famous French bandit of all times was Louis Dominique Cartouche (16931721), a celebrated Parisian outlaw, whose name became synonymous with "highway robber" to the French. Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, marauding, terrorism, piracy and thievery. This was the case in Corsica, southern Italy (Calabria), and Sicily in the early nineteenth century, when the British supported their "chivalrous brigand-allies" against the French. "The 'Noble Bandit' and the Bandits of the Nobles: Brigandage and Local Community in Nineteenth-Century Andalusia." The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. International Society for Civil Liberties and Rule of Law, a non-governmental organisation, has called on democratic forces in the country to urgently rescue What does the name Bandit mean? In Sicily, such support was forthcoming from mafiosi (local men of authority who often engaged in illegal activities and protection rackets) or local politicians. The members of the gang were , Emmett "Em" Dalton, born in 1871, Robert "Bob" Renick Dalton, born 1869 and Gratton "Grat" Dalton, born in 1861. Each Redbrand wore a simple, dirty scarlet cloak. J "Banditry Encyclopedia.com. According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). If denied legitimate means of survival and participation, people will strike back violently at their oppressors. A trader who worked for Queen Philippa of Hainault, the wife of Edward III, was holding some jewels on her behalf in his house in London. He eventually settled on robbery. But do these words actually mean the same thing, matey? Danker, Uwe. bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. Bande armate, banditi, banditismo e repressione di giustizia negli stati europei di antico regime. Bandits prevented and suppressed peasant mobility by putting down collective peasant action through terror and by carving out avenues of individual social mobility that weakened collective action. "Bandits and the State: Robbers and the Authorities in the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Seventeenth Century." The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. Wisbech, U.K., 1987. Insects, bugs, those many-legged creatures theyre all around us. The modern state stereotypes regions within it as inhabiting a bygone era, thus rationalizing repression of legitimate regionalist, autonomist, and cultural aspirations by labeling them as banditry. Ruber und Gauner in Deutschland. He was betrayed by a friend and was killed. The penal policy of the early modern state (public executions, large-scale patrols, printed lists of wanted persons) is a proof of this perennial threat. Gambetta, Diego. 2 vols. [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry 'A cauldron of bats generally assembles in a . Bandits required protection in order to survive; otherwise they were quickly killed by the landlords' retainers, the police, or the peasants. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. The packaging of the myth of banditry in nationalist political rhetoric cannot be disregarded as unrelated to historical and anthropological analysis. The U.S. press and government officials of the 1920s termed Augusto Sandino's Nicaraguan forces "bandits" to discredit them. kangaroos, lemurs, lions and whales illustrations with animal group names, Guzaliia Filimonova / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary, geese, owls, parrots and swans illustrations with animal group names, ants, bees, flies and spiders illustration with animal group names, SENRYU / iStock / Getty Images Plus / via Getty created by YourDictionary. The other French bandit-hero of the eighteenth century, Robert Mandrin (17241755) Where there was no (state) law, Rousseau discerned justice; where the people were oppressed, Rousseau anticipated freedom; where the ancien rgime recognized anarchic, bloodthirsty bandits, he discerned exemplary citizens capable of discipline. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. What is a group of traveling merchants called? As an exchange between individuals, banditry thus employed a specific set of finely graded messages involving violence to the body and property of the victim. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. Banditry can be seen as a legal category, a social category, and as a series of powerful stories and myths. Sign up for our weekly newsletters and get: By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. We know that a woman called Mara Bonita died with Lampio in a hail of gunfire in 1938. [36] Their illegal actions eventually evolved into open rebellion against the Ming Dynasty as they blatantly besieged cities, seized imperial weaponry, extended area of operation southward, and even assumed rhetoric and attire of an imperial dynasty. [28], The career of banditry often led leaders to assemble more bandits and army deserters and organize predatory gangs into active rebel groups. The myth of banditry may well, therefore, have a double function. Thief The name Bandit is primarily a gender-neutral name of American origin that means Thief. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. The Redbrands, sometimes called the Redbrand Ruffians, were a group of bandits and brigands active in the resettled frontier town of Phandalin and nearby Triboar Trail region in the late 15th century DR. She brings her brothers along on a journey with Peter, a group of bandits called the Lost Boys, and his pint-sized pixie friend Tinker Bell, to the magical world of Neverland. In Honour and Grace in Anthropology. In part two of this three-part series, Jan Westmaas and his tour group get a taste of the food and architecture of the town of Irazu, Costa Rica, with an unplanned visit to the volcano museum. Whats interesting: Despite being a memorable term of venery, its not actually used much. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . ed. Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. In Sicily the bandit Salvatore Giuliano's ambiguous notoriety in the post-1945 period, created partly through extensive press coverage, derived from his expression of regional Sicilian aspirations, despite the fact that he also massacred peasants. He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." Caught in the act of stealing two oxen, he fled into the depths of the Essex countryside to save himself. After the selection and killing of the victim, whether the original offender or a surrogate, the body was often mutilated to underscore the significance of the act of revenge. banditry." role in Jewish history In Judaism: New parties and sects The Sicarii (Assassins), so-called because of the daggers ( sica) they carried, arose about 54 ce, according to Josephus, as a group of bandits who kidnapped or murdered those who had found a modus vivendi with the Romans. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. Encyclopedia of European Social History. In Greece banditry was intimately grounded in pastoralism and even had a seasonal cycle based on movements from the plains to the mountains. A group of swordsmen are called bandits. In their typical form, most stories about bandits can be reduced to the following pattern: The triggering incident is a slight to personal or family honor by another family or individual of equal or superior status. Political banditry was evident in independence-era Cuba, early-twentieth-century Cajamarca, Peru, and the Colombian Violencia of 19451965, which left between 100,000 and 300,000 people dead. Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. Because they were embedded in local communities, bandits benefited from a grassroots solidarity against outsiders and state authority. . Thus it was not so much through their lives that bandits generated the sometimes powerful myth of nobility as through their deaths. see also one-armed bandit banditry / bndtri/ noun [noncount] They were charged with banditry and smuggling. In mountainous areas of early modern Spain, banditry and brigandage remained a continual phenomenon throughout the period under discussion. Oxford, 1987. [32], Even though bandits were subject to capital punishment, they could still be incorporated into the regime, serving as local police forces and personal soldiers employed by officials to secure order and suppress bandits. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. Harmondsworth, U.K., 1972. Banditry tended to appear less frequently in areas with large masses of rural proletarians, such as Puglia in southern Italy. Gonzlo G. Snchez and Donny Meertens, Bandoleros, gamonales y campesinos: El caso de la Violencia en Colombia (1983). "Fragments of an Economic Theory of the Mafia." Because privateering was generally a more lucrative occupation than military service, it tended to divert manpower and resources away from regular navies. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. In Sicily and Greece violent entrepreneurs from pastoral backgrounds managed to create new niches for themselves in the nation-state, especially when the new regime attempted to penetrate the countryside. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. It may be useful to distinguish between violence, as a performative act and a system of signs, and terror, as the effect of such actions on the wider social field within which bandits operate. . What is a Group of Rabbits Called? That power can also be manifested in the paradoxical expressiveness of silencethe unspoken stories that say it all. Myth and folklore color some famous bandits so completely that accurate historical depiction is difficult. The peasant villages that purportedly supported and sustained social bandits did not exist in the bandit-infested areas of western Cuba. Also known as the Bandit Queen, Phoolan Devi was born in 1963 in the north of India into a poor low-caste family. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Blok argued that there is more to brigandage than voicing popular unrest. A cauldron of bats is simply the term most commonly used for a group of bats. Encyclopedia.com. They used their prepotency and violence to protect their kins' interests and thus ensure the support of family against betrayal to the state. Princeton, N.J., 1985. Wider comparisons highlight the similarities and differences among bandits as well as the roles of culture, regionalism, and other variables. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"EV6XD901GYmICFHXx6qFgPW3RpXZeJL5FpM.yILeC4E-86400-0"}; Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless Liberators: Political Banditry and Cuban Independence (1989). Over time, certain populations picked those words up and ran with them. 27 Apr. Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. 75107. Banditry tended to emerge in remote, difficult-to-control mountainous areas containing large numbers of semimobile and state-resistant pastoralists. When England seized Jamaica from Spain in 1655, the buccaneers resettled there. His letters and broadsides show a clear political agenda, not typical of Hobsbawm's social bandit. These discourses are often metaphorically constructed, interpreted, and reinterpreted in various ways. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. To compound matters, official government sources often purposely blur the distinction between bandit and revolutionary. Braudel, Fernand. One 1485 official report revealed that local people, some probably working as fences (see Fences in Ming China), purchased stolen animals and goods from highway bandits at lower prices. Barcelona, 19621963. ." Local responses were mixed but increasingly hostile to such collective negative stereotypes. The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. They might move from the outside to the inside or vice versa. 33 views, 1 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from St Thomas the Apostle Hanwell: Parish Mass on the Fourth Sunday after Easter. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. //
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