Are great danes bigger than wolves However, myths continue to spread due to some cultures and movie producers wrong portrayal of these top predators. While there are exceptions, wolves are generally bigger than dogs. However, on average, theres about a 9-inch difference between Great Danes and Golden Retrievers, a difference that is just a little bit taller than a standard sheet of notebook paper. Theyre shorter but heavier than wolves, and their barks will have you jumping out of your bed in the middle of the night. Therefore, we can say that an average Great Dane is smaller than an Adult Gray Wolf. Wolves are the largest members of the dog family. Tibetan Mastiff Size & Growth Chart: How Big Do They Get? We're committed to providing accurate, well-researched content that reflects the latest scientific knowledge. Great Danes stand at par in comparison to wolves. Great Danes are alert guards but not overly aggressive. The brown bear is the most common of all bears, but the polar bear is considered the largest. When you buy via links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. For example, a toy poodle would be smaller than a wolf, however, a great dane would be much larger than a wolf. First they were nearly eradicated in order to protect livestock. Chihuahuas may only weigh 4 or 5 pounds, while mastiffs and great Danes may reach 150 pounds or more. Another thing to consider when we are talking about a dogs ability to kill a wolf, is that many of these dogs tended to work with other dogs. They weigh about 45 pounds and are 2526 inches (6466 cm) tall at shoulder height.1. Wolves vs. In Alaska, it is illegal unless your wolf has been grandfathered in. We're happy to answer questions or help you with returns. WebWhile there are exceptions, wolves are generally bigger than dogs. This does depend on species though, as the red wolf, as an example, is smaller than the grey wolf. Foxes tend to be taller than they are wide. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. As for height, the lions shoulder height alone can be nearly four feet. And even though it is very athletic and brave when fighting off predators, it is known to be very sensitive around people and children specifically. Can a wolf kill a pitbull? What is the largest breed of dog on earth? The size is our focus in this detailed article on wolf size comparison. Their reputation made them a legitimate target for both the Soviet and German armies who killed so many that the breed was on the verge of extinction. A wolf would never allow a domesticated dog to join the pack. Table of Contents. The Anatolian Shepherd is another slightly smaller breed than the average gray wolf. Theyre very slender animals, and their shoulder height averages 13 to 20 inches. It depends on the dog, how it was bred, and how fearless it can be when protecting its pet parents, though most of the dogs on our list certainly would give it the old college try. Originally they were bred to hunt wild boar, deer, etc. Theyre also shorter in height, measuring 19 to 23 inches from their paws to their shoulders, whereas wolves stand tall at 26 to 33 inches. According to breed standards, the minimum height should be 32 inches for males and 30 inches for females. 14 Rabbit Myths And Misconceptions You Need To Stop Believing Now! The porbeagle is one of the few sharks that jumps out of the water. Dogs are very different from wolves in terms of physical appearance. While theyre all dogs, some huskies may be crossed with wolves, producing a wolf hybrid. If youre looking for a dog that is larger than a wolf but still gentle and loves children, this is the best breed for you. Bears are members of the Ursidae family consisting of the brown bear, polar bear, Asian black bear, sun bear, American black bear, spectacled bear, and giant panda. While Dogs generally weigh around 30-50 pounds but the weight of some greater Dog breed like Great Dane can reach around 150 pounds. A wolf is a wild animal and generally depends on himself for his needs. maximum weight of 175 pounds as an adult. It stands between 25 and 27 inches and weighs between 80 and 100 pounds, so its a pretty big mop thats slightly smaller than a gray wolf. Most people know that wolves are dogs ancestors. This means that the Great Dane could potentially be as much as four times the weight of a typical Goldie, and even double the weight of the largest. A native to Russian and popular with the tsars and Russuan aristocracy, the ultimate test for a Borzoi was to see if it was agile and fearless enough to catch and kill a wolf. Judging by these aspects, the lion is more than twice as long as the Great Dane and weighs nearly three times more. Cute Frogs: 9 Pictures That Will Make You Happy. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'qualitydogresources_com-leader-2','ezslot_12',165,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-qualitydogresources_com-leader-2-0');To make things easier, I have included a table showing the most important information.Height (cm)Weight (kg)Grey Wolf8540St Bernard90120Great Dane8690Borzoi8548. They both are evolutionary related and share many physical and behavioral traits. Tigers are also known to prey on wolves in habitats where both live. They tend to have a lower carriage than domesticated dogs, especially those like the Great Dane. Pound for pound wolves are stronger, have better endurance, have a much greater bite force, and are faster than all but a very select few breeds of dog. 3 Dog Breeds That Are Bigger Than Wolves- And 5 That To put the size of the wolf in perspective, the following chart compares the height and weight of the Gray Wolf to a few other animals and humans. [1]. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Wolves are also known as Gray Wolf are generally 3 to 5.2 feet long. Luckily, this breed isnt blood-thirsty and makes an excellent pet if youre looking to give one a forever home. Are wolf dogs bigger than wolves? Their bodies are designed to be lean and athletic for easy hunting, placing them at a maximum weight of 175 pounds as an adult. Wolves vs. Hyenas: How Big are Wolves Compared to Hyenas? They are one of the worlds most efficient hunters, distinguished by their thick lung limbs, which they utilize in getting through rough terrains like deep snow and cliffy areas of rocky mountains. However, wolves are bigger than Coyotes. Which dog is bigger than Wolf? Enter your email in the box below to get the most mind-blowing animal stories and videos delivered directly to your inbox every day. For example, many Great Danes are taller and heavier than the average wolf. Their chest and hip are narrow but their legs are longer and their paws are double the size of the dogs paw. Is A Wolf Bigger Than A Great Dane Related Questions, Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - touchtoin, Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - Morals-style.mo, Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - morals-style. The height of Borzois was a surprise to me- I was expecting other breeds to have been taller. The Husky measures up to 23.5 inches tall from paw to shoulder, whereas the Gray wolf measures much taller between 26 and 32 inches. The Great Dane is a fraction taller than a wolf and weighs twice as much. They have strong teeth and jaws and can crush bones. To keep things a bit more interesting, I have searched for dog breeds that are taller than a wolf. What Happens if a Dog eats a Loaf of Bread? I love everything animals and nature related! If you have kids or existing dogs select: Thank you for reading! German Shepherds weigh anywhere from 48 to 88 lbs pounds and stand about 22-26 inches tall at the shoulder. And so, from the middle of the nineteenth century a new strain of Irish Wolfhounds were created. UK, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u-WMB84ovdA, 3 Dog Breeds That Are Bigger Than Wolves- And 5 That Nearly Are, 11 Large Velcro Dog Breeds- Find A Big Dog That Sticks To You Like Glue, currently massively popular in the United States. While the Great Dane may not hold the title of the largest dog breed, it proves time and time again its the largest dog! Great Danes reach 28 to 32 inches in height and weigh 110 to 175 pounds when they reach adulthood. When compared to the size of an average human, which is between 170182 cm, humans are bigger than wolves. Which dog Wolves do better on some tests of logic than dogs, a new study found, revealing differences between the animals that scientists suspect result from dogs domestication. All three can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring wolfdogs, coywolves, and coydogs. Dive Deeper: Coyote vs. Wolf vs. Fox: What Are The Differences? However, they are massive canines. Wolves and foxes are members of the Canidae family, and foxes are said to diverge from the lineage of wolves about 12 million years ago.2. My name is James and I love dogs. So skilled were they and with such a strong reputation for being effective bodyguards, they were one of the tragic casualties of the second world war. Wolves are much bigger than foxes. The average cost of the Czechoslovakian Wolfdog puppy is between $800-$1,500 USD. The nickname came from the nobles seeing if the Borzoi was strong enough to kill a wolf. Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - touchtoin, Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - Morals-style.mo, Buy 3 Get 15% Off & Free Shipping- Bodysuit Shapewear - morals-style. Adult male wolves are about 5 to 6.5 feet long, while female wolves measure about 4.5 to 6 feet in length. In terms of sheer size, however, there is no doubt that lions reign supreme as the king of the jungle. Great Dane is one of the biggest Dog breeds. This means it can take nearly 20 house cats to balance the scale with these gentle giants! As most of us are aware, all dogs are descended from wolves. Wolves have big, and strong jaws. WebA tiger has no problem taking down a lone wolf. Height (at shoulder): Wolf 27-33 inches; coyote, 20-22 inches. A wolf can weigh as little as 80 pounds or as much as 200 lbs (45 to 91 kg). These beautiful animals have been the subject of many movies, TV shows, and books. From wolves to lions to other dogs and you, Great Danes easily impress with their size. However, while you may already know that a Great Dane is nearly 4 feet tall, do you know how big that really is? The 10 Largest Wolves in the World (Biggest Wolf on Record). No, A great Dane cannot Kill an Adult wolf. They measure about 30 inches tall at the shoulder. Wolves have a signature canid profile with an elongated snout about the length of the back skull. While thats near the average maximum weight for a Great Dane, his height went above and beyond. Now that we know which breeds are larger than your average wolf, well talk about a few that are only slightly smaller than that wolf in the section below. WebOnline it says wolves are on average 80-110 pounds. In my free time, I like to watch documentaries and explore nature. Wolves have yellow or amber color pupils. St. Bernards were once used to rescue lost travelers in the Swiss Alps, so they had to be resilient and tough. Wolves are significantly smaller than lions, with the average wolf weighing in at around 80-100 pounds, while the average lion weighs in at around 400 pounds. This is because their genes are literally designed to be aesthetically pleasing to people, and many dog breeds are actually just extreme inbreding abuse done by people. Which dog is stronger than a wolf? Wolf Size Comparison: How Big Are Wolves Really? MYTH: Huskies and Malamutes are half-wolf. Our mission at Pet Keen is to make the life of you and your pets easier and even more enjoyable. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The female Siberian Husky weighs 3550 pounds and measures between 5156 cm in height. Wolf scat diameter ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 inches, but is usually greater than an inch. They mature late and are dependent on a human for lifelong. The gray wolf, the most common wolf species, is about 80-100 pounds, 4.5 to 6.5 feet long, and 26 to 32 inches tall. What is the largest wolf breed? The Mackenzie Valley wolf resides in North America, roaming Alaska to the northwest of America, and they can also be found in Western Canada. Big dog, little dog: mutation explains range of canine sizes On average, male great Danes measure between 3034 inches, standing at par with one of the largest breeds of wolves. Foxes tend to be taller than they are wide. However, there are dogs that are bigger than your average gray wolf. Sadly, there is no federal law regarding the ownership of a wolf or wolfdog. The aardwolf is not a type of wolf but a complete hyena. Join today by entering your email below. So that is how in the present day, we have the ancient origin breeds who have more wolf DNA than all other breeds. The gray wolfknown by several names such as Mackenzie valley wolf, Alaskan timber wolf, rocky mountain wolf, and Canadian timber wolfis the largest species of wolf in the world. Paired with their ears and head which can make them as tall as 43 inches, a Great Dane may just be seeing eye to eye with the typical 7-year-old! However, on average, you can expect wolves to have a shoulder height of around 2.6 to 2.8 feet. Wolves To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. If you have any problems, please contact us. Wolves generally stand around 26 to 32 inches at the shoulder, and very large dogs like Great Danes can reach about that same height. They are often 30 inches tall (from paw to shoulder) for males, 28 inches for female, with the record being 44 inches by a dog named Zeus. Wolves are larger than most dogs, but a few extra-large breeds are bigger than wolves. The Northwestern wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis) is known by many names, including the Mackenzie Valley wolf, Canadian timber wolf, and Alaskan timber wolf. Wolves have long been both feared and held in awe. Great Danes are the tallest dog breed in the world, and it is not close. For many humans to beat a mountain gorilla, that would need your strength combined into one person which is even impossible. FACT: Due to the shy nature of wolves, hybrids usually make poor protection dogs. However, it would take nearly 10 6-year-olds to weigh the same as a super-sized Great Dane almost an entire kindergarten class! What Are the Main Differences Between Wolves and Dogs? The English Mastiff is officially the largest dog in the world. Have some feedback for us? Manage Settings The forelegs are widely spaced apart because Wolf Size Comparison: How Big Are Wolves vs Dogs, Humans? There are many small and large dogs, as well as small and large wolves. His enthusiasm for fauna has taken him to top wildlife spots in many parks, islands, countries, and continents, where he experiences these animals in real life. Dogs come in a remarkable variety of sizes. They stand tall at about 27 to 36 inches. I have found three (and there might be more) but searching for those three took long enough. However, the size of a wolfdog very much depends on what dog breed was used for breeding. Even with the physical similarities between dogs and wolves, some dogs are smaller than wolves, while some dog breeds, like the great danes, are larger than wolves. It is the largest wolf in the world, with the average male weighing 137 lb, while the average female weighs 101 lb. I read here that the mop dog is currently massively popular in the United States because of its ability to guard livestock. At 200 pounds at their largest, Great Danes are only a few pounds heavier than the average adult in the United States, though they outweigh a majority of humans. This is around the same size paw as some of the biggest dogs, like Bernese mountain dogs and Great Danes. They both grow to be 33 inches tall, but the great Dane weighs a bit more on average, beating the wolf with about 20 pounds at least. Most Daniffs range in height from 27 to 33 inches and can weigh in anywhere from 115 pounds to about 190 pounds, depending on the gender of the pup and the sizes of the parents. That said, while a few dog breeds resemble wolves and have a few other similarities, the differences between the two species are quite striking. Its slightly smaller than the wolf but was bred to hunt wolves in Ireland. Great Danes and wolves both weigh upwards of 100 pounds and need special care. Search our database of over 13528 posts with up-to-date information from our experts and veterinarians. They are small to medium in size and are reddish or light brown in color. 8 Potential Methods, 10 DIY Reptile Enclosures You Can Build Today (With Pictures), How to Hold a Guinea Pig Correctly (with Pictures & Videos). Coyote vs. Wolf vs. Fox: What Are The Differences? If youd like to bring home a breed that reminds you of a wolf, consider adopting a Husky, Akita, Samoyed, Alaskan Malamute, or German Shepherd. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. While a wolf can kill a pit bull with its massive 1,500 PSI biting power, it would probably run from a fight unless the pitbull was threatening its pack or the wolf pups. Tigers, on the other hand, can weigh anywhere from 200 to 680 pounds and measure in at 27 to 47 inches tall. It is provided that canis familiarlis has been evolved from Canis lupus. But several other Dogs can complete this task. All those numbers would make your head spin. Conclusion. Hes intrigued by their social structure and loves to write and teach about the world's most popular pet animal. Dennis Stapleton has a passion for animals, especially dogs, and their relatives. Featured Image Credit: everydoghasastory, Shutterstock. Despite their looks and history Great Dane are sweet, affectionate, and loyal companion. Please fill out the form below if you need assistance. With males growing up to weigh over 400 pounds and standing nearly four feet tall at the shoulder, they are easily one of the largest cats on the planet. A wolves head is larger than its body size. I'm a writer with almost five years of experience. Very true to its name, the Irish Wolfhound is a large breed of dog originally bred in Ireland for the purpose of hunting wolves! Your best bet is to keep the dogs above as pets and not worry about going out and hunting down wolves. A mutation behind such variation has been traced to an In its native Turkey it is more commonly called a Kangal Shepherd, with the Anatolian Shepherd being the preferred name of the breed in America. For the female Great Dane, its a close maybe. Females have an average height of 28 to 32 inches, with an estimated maximum of 130 pounds. Larger wolves, such as the timber wolf or Mackenzie Valley wolf, may be larger than this, but smaller species like the tundra wolf, Mexican wolf, or Arabian wolf would be a few inches shorter. When it comes to these dogs, the g in great stands for giant! WebThe Great Dane and wolves are very similar in size. Considering that a tiger is stronger and heavier than a wolf, a single tiger would probably easily kill a single wolf. Wolves and bears do not compare when it comes to size; bears have a length of about 216.4307.8 cm, weighing 350700 kg, compared to wolves, 105160 cm in length and 6990 kg in weight. The next line that can be blurred relates to the numbers that relate to the size or the weight of a wolf or a dog breed. have owned four Golden Retrievers in the past 15 years. Tigers are generally bigger than wolves, weighing significantly more and standing some inches taller. The Siberian Husky is one dog breed with similarities to wolves in terms of physical appearance. Let us see some of the major differences between a Dog and a Wolf. A wolfs jaw is much stronger than that of a dog, and there are specific reasons for that. Where wolves weigh about 80 to 100 pounds, the average red fox weighs only 10 to 15 pounds (5 to 7 kg). Thats only about half as big as the Northwestern wolf (in terms of weight). Despite their relatively small size when compared to other predators like lions and tigers, wolves are still incredibly powerful animals whose bite force is among the strongest of any land mammal. Wolves generally stand around 26 to 32 inches at the shoulder, and very large dogs like Great Danes can reach about that same height. The biggest difference between the Great Dane and the English Mastiff is that they are on the opposite ends of the giant spectrum. Tigers are generally bigger than wolves, weighing significantly more and standing some inches taller. Wolves generally stand around 26 to 32 inches at the shoulder, and very large dogs like Great Danes can reach about that same height. And the simple answer is that most of the breeds that I have highlighted today (at some point in their history) could kill a wolf given the right circumstances. 5 While wolves may not be as large as lions, they are still one of the biggest predators in North America and should not be underrated. Some dogs, like the Siberian Husky and German shepherd, share a resemblance with a wolf, and this is because they are considered wolf cousins. At his tallest, Freddy measured a grand 40.75 inches at his shoulders. Bobcat Size Comparison: How Big Are Bobcats Really? Golden Retrievers have a weight range of 55 to 80 pounds. While theyre all dogs, some huskies may be crossed with wolves, producing a wolf hybrid. Wolves and humans are very alike in size, though wolves are generally smaller than the average man. Are Wolves As Big As Great Danes? The 11 Top Answers If you have any problems, please contact us. Female wolves tend to be 20% lighter than the males of the species. And therefore they would have attacked any intruder as a pack. Dogs have a smaller head, wider chest, and hip. Wolf Size Comparison Chart With Other Animals. However, if the tiger would come up against a pack of wolves, then its highly likely that the pack of wolves would come out on top and potentially even kill the tiger. A Great Dane will be just as happy curled up on the couch beside you watching TV as it would running around the yard or in the dog park. Pet Keen is reader-supported. In its native country of Turkey, this dog is called a Kangal Shepherd; the Anatolian Shepherds name is only in America. Thats the height from foot to head for the Great Dane! Which is bigger great dane vs mastiff? Wolf Size Comparison: How Big Are Wolves vs Dogs, Humans? They can easily be trained and kept at home as a companion. MYTH: A wolf will make a better guard dog for my home. Read on for more information on how big wolves are and how they compare to other land animals. Which is something that the breed hasnt done for centuries now because the last wolf in Ireland was killed in the late eighteenth century. Wolves mature in 2 to 3 years while Dogs are matured in 6 to 12 months. Dog Breeds From one wolfhound to another- from Russian to Ireland. The average male Gray Wolf can be 6.6 feet long, including the tail, and 30 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh 100 pounds. An Italian wolf is a mere 70 cm high and 35 kg in weight. If its a smaller dog, the wolfdog may be significantly smaller than a wolf. In fact the two species share 98.8% of the same DNA. This Great Dane size comparison will go beyond showing you just how they measure up to different animals itll also do so in an easy-to-understand way with comparisons to everyday objects! They live in smaller groups and hunt for small and mid-sized prey. The Husky is a large dog, however, the wolf is much larger and holds the title of the largest animal in the canine family. This dog breed weighs between 60 and 105 pounds and stands 26 inches at adulthood. Are High Content Wolf Dogs Bigger Than Great Danes? Why Do Wolves Howl At Night? WebAre great danes bigger than wolves. All in all, tigers are definitely larger animals than wolves. Great Danes are good-natured, known as the gentle giants of the canine world. Which is bigger English mastiff or Cane Corso? bigger than wolves Pat-s pictures/Shutterstock.com 6. However, some of the largest dogs do rival wolves in shoulder height and sometimes in Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. When he's not writing, he enjoys spending time in the wild, bird-watching, hiking, and kayaking. The height is around the same, but its slightly heavier. But Zeus, the biggest Great Dane was around 5feet long which is equal to an average Grey Wolf. After all, the two species descend from a common ancestor. They are recognized as the strongest wolf breed in the world. In size comparison, the Great Danes are large, with the Titan (largest great dane in history) measuring about 42 inches in shoulder length, making it larger than the largest of wolves like the Mackenzie Valley wolf. And at 52 kg, it is the closest in weight to the wolf to any of the breeds that we have looked at so far. This is only about half as big as the Northwestern wolf (in terms of weight). With its origins stretching back to at least the seventeenth century, the St. Bernard has a long and distinguished history.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'qualitydogresources_com-leader-4','ezslot_14',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-qualitydogresources_com-leader-4-0'); Measuring up to 5 cm taller than a grey wolf (90 vs 85 cm) and weighing three times as much (120 vs 40 kg,) St. Bernards were originally bred to rescue lost and weary travellers in the Swiss alps. A Great Dane has a sleek muscular and athletic body. Wolves are generally bigger than coyotes. The Dane is the largest by height (though sometimes challenged by the Irish Wolfhound), but the English Mastiff can be considered the biggest by weight. Which Breed Is Larger, An English Mastiff Or A Great Dane? Finding dog breeds that were heavier is a much easier challenge because most big dogs are actually heavier than a grey wolf.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'qualitydogresources_com-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_10',128,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-qualitydogresources_com-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); And so in my hunt, I have found three breeds of dogs that are taller than the grey wolf and seven other breeds that are there or thereabouts height wise. Wolves vs. Tigers: How Big are Wolves Compared to Tigers? Thats an entirely different animal from a purebred Siberian husky or its cousin, the Alaskan Malamute. PetKeen.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. What is the largest wolf breed? FACT: The life span of a wolf in captivity is 12-14 years the same as a large domestic dog. 9 of the World's Largest Dog Breeds Which dog is bigger than Wolf? Most dogs are much smaller than wolves. Great Danes reach 28 to 32 inches in height and weigh 110 to 175 pounds when they reach adulthood. My final breed in the category of nearly as big as a wolf but not quite goes to another Hungarian breed the Kuvasz. On average, Great Danes are slightly taller and significantly heavier than wolves. Wolves typically weigh about 80100 pounds and stand about 2633 inches tall. Zeus stands a massive 112 cm high, which is 25 cm higher than a large male wolf. Two words to describe them best are large and noble. A Great Dane might not be able to kill a Wolf. Unfortunately, she's not strong in the sciences, so she fills her days with researching and writing about all kinds of animals and spends time playing with her adorable but terribly naughty tabby cat, Bell. And so that makes many dog owners, like me, fascinated by some of the comparisons between the modern day wolf and a modern day dog. However, while you may already know that a Great Dane is nearly 4 feet The male Siberian husky measures between 53-60 cm in height and weigh 4560 pounds. Chihuahuas may only weigh 4 or 5 pounds, while mastiffs and great Danes may reach 150 pounds or more. The last wolf to be killed in Ireland was in the late 18th century, and the instinct to hunt and kill has been bred out of this gorgeous dog breed. How trainable/obedient does the dog need to be? if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'qualitydogresources_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',160,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-qualitydogresources_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');If I was to constantly refer to a range of heights or a minimum and maximum weight of a dog, this would make the article much harder to read.
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